Ultrasonic Phased Array &<\/span> Time of Flight Diffraction Course<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div>\nUltrasonic Phased Array<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>\nPhased array can successfully overcome many of the inconsistencies of the manual application. A phased array probe is constructed from a number of very small elements arranged in a line or in a specific cluster design. By activating a number of the elements at once and applying specific voltages to each element a predetermined beam angle, or beam of varying angles can be produced. Furthermore, by moving the active elements along the probe the beam is moved forward\/backward in a manner similar to the movement of a manual technique.<\/p>\n
When the phased array wedge is placed on the parent material at a specific stand-off position and moved along the weld, data can be collected and imaged as a C-scan (plan view) of the weld, much like a traditional radiograph. To compliment this, the ultrasonic imaging system can also show the A-scan, a B-scan (end view), a D-scan (side view) and in the case of a beam with varying angles an S-scan (or sectorial scan).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\nUltrasonic PAUT inspection offer greater probability of detection due to its capability of variable beam angle scanning capability and the beam steering feature enables\u00a0 superior detection\u00a0 ability of discontinuities in single sweep.<\/p>\n
Ultrasonic phased arrays is an advanced techniques that\u00a0 use a multiple element probe\u00a0whereby the output pulse from each element is time delayed in such a way\u00a0 so as produce constructive interference at a specific angle and a specific depth. These time delays can be incremented over a range of angles to sweep the beam over the desired angular range. For example, 40 to 75 degree beam sweep would be produced by calculating the time delays to produce constructive interference at 40, 41, 42 …75 degs. This NDT technology is also referred as Swept Beam Ultrasonic testing.<\/p>\n
The main advantages of phased array in NDE are:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Ability to sweep a range of angles<\/li>\n
- Ability to display the image in real time for the swept angles<\/li>\n
- Ability to focus<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
The PA probe consists of many small\u00a0ultrasonic transducers<\/a>, each of which can be pulsed independently. By varying the timing, for instance by pulsing the elements one by one in sequence along a row, a pattern of constructive interference is set up that results in a beam at a set angle. In other words, the beam can be steered electronically. The beam is swept like a search-light\u00a0through the tissue or object being examined, and the data from multiple beams are put together to make a visual\u00a0image\u00a0showing a slice through the object<\/p>\nApplications of PAUT are in\u00a0industrial<\/a> products \u00a0materials such as\u00a0welds<\/a> in structure, nozzles and other geometries..<\/p>\nSingle-element (non-phased array)\u00a0probes<\/a>, known technically asmonolithic\u00a0probes, emit a beam in a fixed direction. To test or interrogate a large volume of material, a conventional probe needs scanning for the same. Instead of a\u00a0single\u00a0transducer and beam, phased arrays use multiple ultrasonic elements and electronic time delays to create beams by constructive and destructive interference. As such, phased arrays offer significant technical advantages for weld testing and plant monitoring over conventional ultrasonics as the phased array beams can be steered, scanned, swept and focused electronically from a fixed probe position. Beam steering permits the selected beam angles to be optimized ultrasonically by orienting or focussing them perpendicular to the predicted discontinuities, for example lack of fusion in automated weld inspections.<\/p>\nAdvantages of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Phased arrays allow real-time control of three important ultrasonic probe parameters<\/li>\n
- Focal distance: continuously and dynamically adjustable<\/li>\n
- Beam angle: continuously and dynamically adjustable<\/li>\n
- Focal spot size: dynamically adjustable<\/li>\n
- Extra benefit<\/li>\n
- Multiplexing allows fast displacement of ultrasonic beam within probe<\/li>\n
- Main benefits of ultrasonic phased arrays<\/li>\n
- High-speed inspection using single-axis scans instead of conventional raster scan<\/li>\n
- Near-optimal focal length and focal spot for various areas of complex parts or thick components<\/li>\n
- Small, simple probe assembly with multiple beams from a single probe<\/li>\n
- Easy-to-install, one-axis scanning systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<\/div>
Ultrasonic Phased Array<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>![](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/indtt.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/24-300x123.jpg?resize=300%2C123\")
<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n
Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD)<\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div>\nTOFD (Time of Flight Diffraction) technique is a computerized and automated system for weld inspection which is able to scan, store, and evaluate indications in terms of height, length, and position with a grade of accuracy never achieved by other ultrasonic techniques. TOFD has two blind zones where it is not sensitive to defects; hence TOFD needs to be supplemented by a conventional pulse-echo\u00a0examination\u00a0of the near and far walls.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\nTime-of-flight diffraction\u00a0(TOFD)\u00a0is a sensitive and accurate method for the\u00a0nondestructive testing<\/a>\u00a0of welds for defects. TOFD originated from tip diffraction techniques.<\/p>\nIn a TOFD system, a pair of\u00a0ultrasonic probes<\/a>\u00a0sits on opposite sides of a weld. One of the probes, the transmitter, emits an ultrasonic pulse that is picked up by the probe on the other side, the receiver. In undamaged\u00a0pipes, the signals picked up by the receiver probe are from two waves: one that travels along the surface and one that reflects off the far\u00a0wall. When a crack is present, there is a\u00a0diffraction<\/a>\u00a0of the ultrasonic wave from the tip(s) of the crack. Using the measured time of flight of the pulse, the depth of a crack tip can be calculated automatically by simple trigonometry.<\/p>\nFeatures:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Ultrasonic Phased Array<\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div>\nPhased array can successfully overcome many of the inconsistencies of the manual application. A phased array probe is constructed from a number of very small elements arranged in a line or in a specific cluster design. By activating a number of the elements at once and applying specific voltages to each element a predetermined beam angle, or beam of varying angles can be produced. Furthermore, by moving the active elements along the probe the beam is moved forward\/backward in a manner similar to the movement of a manual technique.<\/p>\n
When the phased array wedge is placed on the parent material at a specific stand-off position and moved along the weld, data can be collected and imaged as a C-scan (plan view) of the weld, much like a traditional radiograph. To compliment this, the ultrasonic imaging system can also show the A-scan, a B-scan (end view), a D-scan (side view) and in the case of a beam with varying angles an S-scan (or sectorial scan).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\nUltrasonic PAUT inspection offer greater probability of detection due to its capability of variable beam angle scanning capability and the beam steering feature enables\u00a0 superior detection\u00a0 ability of discontinuities in single sweep.<\/p>\n
Ultrasonic phased arrays is an advanced techniques that\u00a0 use a multiple element probe\u00a0whereby the output pulse from each element is time delayed in such a way\u00a0 so as produce constructive interference at a specific angle and a specific depth. These time delays can be incremented over a range of angles to sweep the beam over the desired angular range. For example, 40 to 75 degree beam sweep would be produced by calculating the time delays to produce constructive interference at 40, 41, 42 …75 degs. This NDT technology is also referred as Swept Beam Ultrasonic testing.<\/p>\n
The main advantages of phased array in NDE are:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Ability to sweep a range of angles<\/li>\n
- Ability to display the image in real time for the swept angles<\/li>\n
- Ability to focus<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
The PA probe consists of many small\u00a0ultrasonic transducers<\/a>, each of which can be pulsed independently. By varying the timing, for instance by pulsing the elements one by one in sequence along a row, a pattern of constructive interference is set up that results in a beam at a set angle. In other words, the beam can be steered electronically. The beam is swept like a search-light\u00a0through the tissue or object being examined, and the data from multiple beams are put together to make a visual\u00a0image\u00a0showing a slice through the object<\/p>\nApplications of PAUT are in\u00a0industrial<\/a> products \u00a0materials such as\u00a0welds<\/a> in structure, nozzles and other geometries..<\/p>\nSingle-element (non-phased array)\u00a0probes<\/a>, known technically asmonolithic\u00a0probes, emit a beam in a fixed direction. To test or interrogate a large volume of material, a conventional probe needs scanning for the same. Instead of a\u00a0single\u00a0transducer and beam, phased arrays use multiple ultrasonic elements and electronic time delays to create beams by constructive and destructive interference. As such, phased arrays offer significant technical advantages for weld testing and plant monitoring over conventional ultrasonics as the phased array beams can be steered, scanned, swept and focused electronically from a fixed probe position. Beam steering permits the selected beam angles to be optimized ultrasonically by orienting or focussing them perpendicular to the predicted discontinuities, for example lack of fusion in automated weld inspections.<\/p>\nAdvantages of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Phased arrays allow real-time control of three important ultrasonic probe parameters<\/li>\n
- Focal distance: continuously and dynamically adjustable<\/li>\n
- Beam angle: continuously and dynamically adjustable<\/li>\n
- Focal spot size: dynamically adjustable<\/li>\n
- Extra benefit<\/li>\n
- Multiplexing allows fast displacement of ultrasonic beam within probe<\/li>\n
- Main benefits of ultrasonic phased arrays<\/li>\n
- High-speed inspection using single-axis scans instead of conventional raster scan<\/li>\n
- Near-optimal focal length and focal spot for various areas of complex parts or thick components<\/li>\n
- Small, simple probe assembly with multiple beams from a single probe<\/li>\n
- Easy-to-install, one-axis scanning systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<\/div>
Ultrasonic Phased Array<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n
Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD)<\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div>\nTOFD (Time of Flight Diffraction) technique is a computerized and automated system for weld inspection which is able to scan, store, and evaluate indications in terms of height, length, and position with a grade of accuracy never achieved by other ultrasonic techniques. TOFD has two blind zones where it is not sensitive to defects; hence TOFD needs to be supplemented by a conventional pulse-echo\u00a0examination\u00a0of the near and far walls.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\nTime-of-flight diffraction\u00a0(TOFD)\u00a0is a sensitive and accurate method for the\u00a0nondestructive testing<\/a>\u00a0of welds for defects. TOFD originated from tip diffraction techniques.<\/p>\nIn a TOFD system, a pair of\u00a0ultrasonic probes<\/a>\u00a0sits on opposite sides of a weld. One of the probes, the transmitter, emits an ultrasonic pulse that is picked up by the probe on the other side, the receiver. In undamaged\u00a0pipes, the signals picked up by the receiver probe are from two waves: one that travels along the surface and one that reflects off the far\u00a0wall. When a crack is present, there is a\u00a0diffraction<\/a>\u00a0of the ultrasonic wave from the tip(s) of the crack. Using the measured time of flight of the pulse, the depth of a crack tip can be calculated automatically by simple trigonometry.<\/p>\nFeatures:<\/strong><\/p>\n
Phased array can successfully overcome many of the inconsistencies of the manual application. A phased array probe is constructed from a number of very small elements arranged in a line or in a specific cluster design. By activating a number of the elements at once and applying specific voltages to each element a predetermined beam angle, or beam of varying angles can be produced. Furthermore, by moving the active elements along the probe the beam is moved forward\/backward in a manner similar to the movement of a manual technique.<\/p>\n
When the phased array wedge is placed on the parent material at a specific stand-off position and moved along the weld, data can be collected and imaged as a C-scan (plan view) of the weld, much like a traditional radiograph. To compliment this, the ultrasonic imaging system can also show the A-scan, a B-scan (end view), a D-scan (side view) and in the case of a beam with varying angles an S-scan (or sectorial scan).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n Ultrasonic PAUT inspection offer greater probability of detection due to its capability of variable beam angle scanning capability and the beam steering feature enables\u00a0 superior detection\u00a0 ability of discontinuities in single sweep.<\/p>\n Ultrasonic phased arrays is an advanced techniques that\u00a0 use a multiple element probe\u00a0whereby the output pulse from each element is time delayed in such a way\u00a0 so as produce constructive interference at a specific angle and a specific depth. These time delays can be incremented over a range of angles to sweep the beam over the desired angular range. For example, 40 to 75 degree beam sweep would be produced by calculating the time delays to produce constructive interference at 40, 41, 42 …75 degs. This NDT technology is also referred as Swept Beam Ultrasonic testing.<\/p>\n The main advantages of phased array in NDE are:<\/strong><\/p>\n The PA probe consists of many small\u00a0ultrasonic transducers<\/a>, each of which can be pulsed independently. By varying the timing, for instance by pulsing the elements one by one in sequence along a row, a pattern of constructive interference is set up that results in a beam at a set angle. In other words, the beam can be steered electronically. The beam is swept like a search-light\u00a0through the tissue or object being examined, and the data from multiple beams are put together to make a visual\u00a0image\u00a0showing a slice through the object<\/p>\n Applications of PAUT are in\u00a0industrial<\/a> products \u00a0materials such as\u00a0welds<\/a> in structure, nozzles and other geometries..<\/p>\n Single-element (non-phased array)\u00a0probes<\/a>, known technically asmonolithic\u00a0probes, emit a beam in a fixed direction. To test or interrogate a large volume of material, a conventional probe needs scanning for the same. Instead of a\u00a0single\u00a0transducer and beam, phased arrays use multiple ultrasonic elements and electronic time delays to create beams by constructive and destructive interference. As such, phased arrays offer significant technical advantages for weld testing and plant monitoring over conventional ultrasonics as the phased array beams can be steered, scanned, swept and focused electronically from a fixed probe position. Beam steering permits the selected beam angles to be optimized ultrasonically by orienting or focussing them perpendicular to the predicted discontinuities, for example lack of fusion in automated weld inspections.<\/p>\n Advantages of Ultrasonic Phased Arrays:<\/strong><\/p>\n Ultrasonic Phased Array<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div> TOFD (Time of Flight Diffraction) technique is a computerized and automated system for weld inspection which is able to scan, store, and evaluate indications in terms of height, length, and position with a grade of accuracy never achieved by other ultrasonic techniques. TOFD has two blind zones where it is not sensitive to defects; hence TOFD needs to be supplemented by a conventional pulse-echo\u00a0examination\u00a0of the near and far walls.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n Time-of-flight diffraction\u00a0(TOFD)\u00a0is a sensitive and accurate method for the\u00a0nondestructive testing<\/a>\u00a0of welds for defects. TOFD originated from tip diffraction techniques.<\/p>\n In a TOFD system, a pair of\u00a0ultrasonic probes<\/a>\u00a0sits on opposite sides of a weld. One of the probes, the transmitter, emits an ultrasonic pulse that is picked up by the probe on the other side, the receiver. In undamaged\u00a0pipes, the signals picked up by the receiver probe are from two waves: one that travels along the surface and one that reflects off the far\u00a0wall. When a crack is present, there is a\u00a0diffraction<\/a>\u00a0of the ultrasonic wave from the tip(s) of the crack. Using the measured time of flight of the pulse, the depth of a crack tip can be calculated automatically by simple trigonometry.<\/p>\n Features:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
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<\/div><\/div><\/div>\nTime of Flight Diffraction (TOFD)<\/h3>